Abstract The aim of this study is to adapt a Portuguese version of the original 18 items of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), via a translation / back translation process, using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in a Portuguese sample. The sample comprised 232 respondents from the general population. The modified BFAS acquires a different factor structure from the original, keeping 4 of the main theoretical elements (subscales) and 10 of the 18 original items. The results indicate that the Portuguese version of the original BFAS presents good psychometric qualities. The statistical techniques used in the study allowed assessing the reliability and validity of the modified BFAS. Nevertheless, further uses of this scale with other samples from the Portuguese population are necessary to confirm the obtained results.

Abstract Background: Prison victimization has been a focus of attention by the scientific community with studies that indicate a high prevalence and negative effects on mental health and social reintegration of prisoners. However, there is few information on intervention responses, so it is relevant to obtain reliable data about intervention strategies that seeks to mitigate its consequences and provide support to victims. Objective: accomplish a detailed description of the literature on psychological intervention that seeks to respond to victimization in prison and its consequences. Method: Systematic review (SR) using the PRISMA-P method. The research was carried out in 10 electronic databases and the data collection and analysis process carried out by two independent researchers. Results: Five publications were included, three quantitative studies and two theoretical articles although none specifically focuses on intervention with individuals subject to prison victimization. This feature is addressed and theoretically analyzed throughout the discussion. Conclusion: There are few publications on intervention with victims of prison victimization and existing ones do not focus on specific intervention in the context of this type of victimization. However, important guidelines were obtained to be included into future intervention proposals. There is a consensus regarding the need to adopt empirically validated intervention models, referring to the Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), specifically to the Trauma-Informed Treatment (TIT).

Resumen Introducción: La victimización penitenciaria ha sido el foco de atención de la comunidad científica con estudios que indican una alta prevalencia y efectos negativos en la salud mental y en la reintegración social de los presidiarios. Sin embargo, existe poca información sobre las intervenciones, por lo que es relevante obtener datos confiables sobre estrategias de intervención que busquen mitigar sus consecuencias y ofrecer apoyo a las víctimas. Objetivo: realizar una descripción detallada de la literatura sobre intervención psicológica que busca dar respuesta a la victimización en prisión y sus consecuencias. Método: Revisión sistemática (RS) mediante el método PRISMA-P. La investigación se realizó en 10 bases de datos electrónicas y el proceso de recolección y análisis de datos fue realizado por dos investigadores independientes. Resultados: Se incluyeron cinco publicaciones, tres estudios cuantitativos y dos artículos teóricos, aunque ninguno se centra específicamente en la intervención con personas sometidas a victimización penitenciaria. Este aspecto se aborda y analiza teóricamente a lo largo de la discusión. Conclusión: Existen pocas publicaciones sobre intervención con personas victimizadas en prisión y las existentes no enfocan en detalle en la intervención en este tipo de victimización. Sin embargo, se obtuvieron datos relevantes para ser incluidos en futuras propuestas de intervención. Existe consenso en cuanto a la necesidad de adoptar modelos de intervención validados empíricamente, refiriéndose a la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual (TCC), específicamente al Tratamiento Informado por Trauma (TIT).

Abstract Background Increasing evidence supports an association between psychological well-being and overall health, however, much remains to be understood about this association. The current study addresses this issue by presenting a new perspective focusing on health perceptions. Additionally, it examines the impact of each of six dimensions of psychological well-being on health perception. Methods Data for this study were collected from a sample of 1,155 Portuguese adults in various settings. Findings reveal that psychological well-being dimensions' impact differently on prior, current, and health outlookperceptions. Furthermore, the dimension depressed mood influences current health perception; in turn, current health perception is the strongest predictor for psychological well-being. Our results provide support for a bidirectional relationship between health perception and psychological well-being.

Resumo A validade do construto perceção da saúde tem aumentado ao longo do tempo; as pessoas avaliam melhor a sua saúde devido a um acréscimo da escolaridade. Diferentes instrumentos têm sido desenvolvidos para avaliar esta dimensão da saúde. Este estudo tem como objetivo a validação para a população adulta portuguesa do Health Perception Questionnaire, dada a inexistência no contexto português de instrumento validado que avalie a perceção da saúde. É um instrumento de autoresposta que avalia a perceção da saúde em três momentos - passado, presente e futuro, a resistência e atitudes em relação à doença. Participaram 1,139 sujeitos da população geral, com idades entre os 18 e os 79 anos e maioritariamente mulheres. Foram realizadas análises fatoriais exploratória e confirmatória, tendo sido encontrado um modelo de 2.ª ordem, onde a perceção da saúde se define em torno de dois fatores - saúde atual (sete itens) e saúde anterior (dois itens). A vivência de doença grave ou significativa, assim como o bem-estar e a saúde, assumem-se como elementos chave na construção individual da perceção de saúde anterior e atual respectivamente.

Abstract The validity of health perception construct has increased over time; people assess better their health status due to an increased level of education. Different instruments have been developed to assess this dimension of health. This study aims to validate for the Portuguese adult population of the Health Perception Questionnaire due to the inexistence in the Portuguese context of a validated instrument that assess health perception. It is a self -report instrument that evaluates health perception in three moments - past, present and future, resistance and attitudes towards the disease.1,139 subjects from the general population, aged between 18 and 79 years and mostly women, participated. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyzes were carried out. A second order model was found, where health perception is defined around two factors - current health (seven items) and previous health (two items). The experience of serious or significant illness, as well as well-being and health, are assumed as key elements in the individual construction of the previous and current health perception respectively.

Resumen La validez del constructo percepción de la salud ha aumentado a lo largo del tiempo; las personas evalúan mejor su salud debido al aumento en el nivel de escolaridad. Diferentes instrumentos se han desarrollado para evaluar esta dimensión de la salud. Este estudio tiene como objetivo la validación para la población adulta portuguesa del Health Perception Questionnaire, en ausencia de instrumento validado para evaluar la percepción de la salud en el contexto portuguése Es un instrumento de autorespuesta que evalúa la percepción de la salud en tres momentos - pasado, presente y futuro, la resistencia y actitudes en relación a la enfermedad. Participaron1,139 sujetos de la población general, con edades entre los 18 y los 79 años y mayoritariamente mujeres. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios, habiendo sido encontrado un modelo de 2ª planta, donde la percepción de la salud se define en torno a dos factores - salud actual (siete ítems) y salud anterior (dos ítems). La vivencia de enfermedad grave o significativa, así como el bienestar y la salud, se asumen como elementos clave en la construcción individual de la percepción de salud anterior y actual respectivamente.

Resumo Sendo o Facebook a rede social mais utilizada no nosso país, a pretensão deste estudo é compreender se esta atividade interfere nas amizades pessoais dos seus utilizadores, contribuindo para que os indivíduos se distanciem uns dos outros, conduzindo ao isolamento e, consequentemente, à solidão. Assim, torna-se pertinente avaliar se os indivíduos que passam mais tempo nas redes sociais percecionam níveis mais elevados de solidão, comparativamente aos que despendem menos tempo. A população deste estudo é constituída por utilizadores do Facebook, de nacionalidade portuguesa, com mais de 18 anos, sendo a amostra aleatória simples e constituída por 201 elementos de ambos os sexos. Foram aplicados um questionário sociodemográfico, um questionário relacionado com a utilização do Facebook e a Escala de Solidão da UCLA- Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Os dados mais significativos deste estudo prendem-se com um perfil de utilizador encontrado, bem como a constatação de maiores níveis de solidão em utilizadores que despendem mais tempo no Facebook.

Abstract Being that Facebook is the most frequently used social network in our country, the aim of this study is to understand whether this activity interferes with friendships of its users, helping individuals to distance themselves from each other, leading to isolation and, consequently, to loneliness. Thus, it is pertinent to evaluate whether individuals who spend more time on social networks feel higher levels of loneliness, compared to those who spend less time. The study population comprises Facebook users from Portugal that are over eighteen, and it consists on a simple random sample made up of 201 members of both genders. A sociodemographic questionnaire, a questionnaire related to the use of Facebook and the UCLA- Loneliness Scale Revised were applied. The most significant data of this study relates to the identification of a user profile, and the finding of greater loneliness levels in users who spend more time on Facebook.

Resumen La red social Facebook es la más utilizada en nuestro país, por eso la intención de este estudio es conocer si esta actividad interfiere con las amistades personales de sus usuarios, ayudando a las personas a tomar distancia unos de otros, en consecuencia, a la soledad. Por lo tanto, es apropiado evaluar si las personas que pasan más tiempo en las redes sociales percecionam mayores niveles de soledad. La población de estudio consta de los usuarios de Facebook, de nacionalidad portuguesa, más de 18 años, con una muestra aleatoria simple de 201 miembros de ambos sexos. Un cuestionario sociodemográfico, un cuestionario relacionado con el uso de Facebook y UCLA- Escala de Soledad Revisada de la UCLA Escala de Soledad se aplicaron. Los datos más significativos de este estudio están relacionados con un perfil de usuario y se encuentra mayores niveles de soledad en los usuarios que pasan más tiempo en Facebook.

Objective: To study anxiety as a variable of the mid- and long-term psychological impact of pre-symptomatic testing for three autosomal dominant late-onset disorders – Huntington’s disease (HD), Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) and familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) TTR V30M – in a Portuguese sample. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 203 participants: 170 (83.7%) underwent pre-symptomatic testing for FAP, 29 (14.3%) for HD, and 4 (2%) for MJD. Of the 203 participants, 73 (36.0%) were asymptomatic carriers, 29 (14.5%) were symptomatic carriers, 9 (4.5%) were diagnosed with FAP and had a liver transplant, and 89 (44.5%) were non-carriers. Most were women (58.1%) and married (66.5%). The anxiety variable was assessed using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Results: The anxiety scores were higher for symptomatic carriers and for those who underwent psychological support consultations over the years. For symptomatic carriers, the mean scores were superior to 40 points, which reflects clinical anxiety. Conclusion: Although it was not possible to differentiate between the mid- and long-term psychological impacts, this study supports the conclusion that the proximity to the age of symptoms onset might be a trigger for anxiety.

CONTEXTO: Pessoas diagnosticadas com esquizofrenia apresentam um défice significativo na cognição social com implicações negativas relativamente ao funcionamento interpessoal e social. A realidade virtual apresenta grandes potencialidades para a avaliação e o treino de competências em pessoas com doença mental. OBJETIVOS: Apresentar os resultados preliminares de um programa construído para avaliação do reconhecimento emocional de faces por pessoas com esquizofrenia, utilizando avatares 3D e realidade virtual. MÉTODOS: Apresentação de avatares 3D que reproduzem expressões emocionais, construídas por meio do FaceGen® e integradas num ambiente virtual tridimensional. Apresentou-se cada avatar a 12 doentes com esquizofrenia e a 12 pessoas sem patologia psiquiátrica, avaliando as respostas de reconhecimento e a atividade eletroencefalográfica frontal. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que as expressões de alegria e raiva foram as mais bem reconhecidas pelos dois grupos, enquanto de medo e nojo foram as de maior dificuldade. Verificaram-se alterações na atividade alfa frontal para os estímulos raiva e nojo na amostra de doentes com esquizofrenia. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de algumas expressões emocionais poderem ser melhoradas, o programa desenvolvido pode constituir uma mais-valia para o paciente e para o terapeuta, proporcionando a execução da tarefa em condições não ansiogênicas e aproximadas à experiência real.

BACKGROUND: Significant deficits in emotional recognition and social perception characterize patients with schizophrenia and have direct negative impact both in inter-personal relationships and in social functioning. Virtual reality, as a methodological resource, might have a high potential for assessment and training skills in people suffering from mental illness. OBJECTIVES: To present preliminary results of a facial emotional recognition assessment designed for patients with schizophrenia, using 3D avatars and virtual reality. METHODS: Presentation of 3D avatars which reproduce images developed with the FaceGen® software and integrated in a three-dimensional virtual environment. Each avatar was presented to a group of 12 patients with schizophrenia and a reference group of 12 subjects without psychiatric pathology. RESULTS: The results show that the facial emotions of happiness and anger are better recognized by both groups and that the major difficulties arise in fear and disgust recognition. Frontal alpha electroencephalography variations were found during the presentation of anger and disgust stimuli among patients with schizophrenia. DISCUSSION: The developed program evaluation module can be of surplus value both for patient and therapist, providing the task execution in a non anxiogenic environment, however similar to the actual experience.